Kalinowski, Angela
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Stadium at Aphrodisias
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Remains of the stadium at Aphrodisias., The stadium was originally built to host athletic contests and has 22 rows of seats with a capacity of 30,000 spectators (Aphrodisias.com, 2017). An amphitheatre was built into the stadium at the turn of the 4th-5th century CE and was used for munera (gladiator combats), venatio (beast shows), games, and circuses (Dunbabin, 2016: p.8; Aphrodisias.com, 2017)., Dunbabin, Katherine M. D. Theater and Spectacle in the Art of the Roman Empire. New York: Cornell University, 2016.
Aphrodisias.com. "Aphrodisias Stadium". Accessed December 20, 2017. http://www.aphrodisias.com/listingview.php?listingID=9
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Stadium at Delphi
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Stadium at Delphi with stone seating., Dates to c. 5th century BCE with the stone seats added in the 2nd century BCE., Cartwright, Mark. "Stadium, Delphi." Ancient History Encyclopedia. Accessed May 19, 2017. http://www.ancient.eu/image/453/
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Stadium at Nemea
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Stadium at Nemea which can seat 30,000 people., Stadium was used from c. 573-271 BCE, with additions around c. 330-220 BCE., Cartwright, Mark. "Ancient Stadium, Nemea, Greece." Ancient History Encyclopedia. Accessed May 10, 2017. http://www.ancient.eu/image/612/
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Stadium at Olympia
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Remains of the stadium at Olympia, including the starting line and the krypte (entrance)., The stadium could hold 45,000 people. First built in the 5th century BCE, additions occurred in the following centuries with the krypte added in 200 BCE., Cartwright, Mark. "Stadium of Olympia." Ancient History Encyclopedia. Accessed May 10, 2017. http://www.ancient.eu/image/429/
Cartwright, Mark. "Stadium Entrance, Olympia." Ancient History Encyclopedia. Accessed May 10, 2017. http://www.ancient.eu/image/426/
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Stamnos with Athletes
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Stamnos depicting athletes. On the obverse two nude male athletes face each other, one holding a discus in both hands and the other holding two halteres. On the reverse two figures face each other, one a nude male athlete holding a discus in both hands and the other a clothed flute player dressed in a himation playing the double flute. Inscriptions are found decorating both the sides of the vessel., Dates to c. 460 BCE., British Museum. “stamnos.” The British Museum Collections Online. Accessed July 6, 2017. http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=399184&partId=1&searchText=greek+athlete&page=1
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Stele with Gladiator
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This stele takes its place among many similar stele of gladiators which depict the athlete in a recessed panel with an inscription below. The gladiator stands contrapposto, an upraised gladius in his right hand, and a large rectangular shield in his left hand. On his right arm he wears a manica and on his left leg he wears a metal greave that reaches to just below his knee. A subligaculum with a double belt covers his mid-section. His helmet, characterized by the neck flange and face cover with multiple holes is that of a murmillo and covers his head and face. At the top of the stele an inscription reads 'D M (Dis manibus)', and in the recessed panel below the figure it reads Q(uinti). SOSSI/ ALBI / MYRMILLONIS /SOSSIA IVSTA / LIB(erta) PATRON(O) / BENE MERENTI - Translation: Sossia Iusta freedwoman of Quintus Sossius Albus (put up the monument) to her well-deserving patron., Dates to c. 3rd century CE (Kalinowski, 2017).
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